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Record No. 13472 Record ID 013472 Publication type Journal Article Title Epidemiological Studies on Proteeae Isolates from Clinical Specimens in the Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Kamga, H. L. F.; Nsagha, D. S.; Assob, J. C. N.; Njunda, A. L.; Tchape, G. N. E. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 118-126 Language English Descriptor Enterobacteriaceae; Cross Infection; Epidemiologic Studies Descriptor-Local Proteeae Descriptor-Geographic Cameroon-Douala; Abstract The tribe Proteeae is a group of bacteria within the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for most cases of nosocomial infections in hospital settings. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of members of Proteeae from clinical specimens in Laquintinie hospital in Douala. Specimens were collected from patients and screened for Proteeae using standard microbiological and biochemical methods (API 20 Enterobacteriaceae gallery). Of the 3414 clinical specimens made of 2712 urine, 264 blood, 243 CSF and 195 wounds and burns, 1136 (33.3) yielded a positive bacterial growth, of which 230 (20.2) were Gram positive and 906 (79.7) were Gram negative. 164 (14.4) isolates were identified as members of Proteeae of which 110 (67.1) were from urine, 37( 22.6) from wounds and burns, 10(6.1) from blood and 7( 4.3) from CSF. Speciation of the Proteeae isolates showed that 111 (67.7) were Proteus mirabilis, 21(12.8) Proteus vulgaris, 11 (6.7) Providencia alcalifaciens, 6 (3.6) Providencia stuartii, 4 (2.4) Morganella morganii and 5 (3.0) Proteus penneri and Providencia rettgeri. There was a significant difference between the type of clinical specimens and the age of patients (X2 = 52.623 p0.05). Most Proteeae isolates where susceptible to imipemen, ceftazidine, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and amikacin. These findings have significant clinical and epidemiological implications

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Record No. 13471 Record ID 013471 Publication type Journal Article Title Campylobacter Spp. Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in a Developing Country, Burkina Faso (West Africa) Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Sangaré, L.; Nikiéma, A. K.; Zimmermann, S.; Sanou, I.; Congo-Ouédraogo, M.; Diabaté, A.; Diandé, S.; Guissou, P. I. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 110-117 Language English Descriptor Campylobacter; HIV Infections; Epidemiology; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance Descriptor-Geographic Developing Countries; Burkina Faso Abstract Data on campylobacteriosis are almost nonexistent in Burkina Faso. In this study conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ouagadougou, stool specimens and sociodemographic data were collected from 1 246 patients attending the university teaching hospital for enteritis. Stool samples were analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter by the direct culture method on selective mCCDA agar followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing on the isolated strains. The isolation rate of Campylobacter was 2.3,comprising of the following species C. jejuni (51.8), C. coli (13.8), and C. upsaliensis (3.5). However, 30.9of the isolates were unidentified. No resistant strain was found to gentamicin. The resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (3.4) was lower than those (10.3-34.5) to the other antibiotics: erythromycin (10.3), tetracycline (10.3), ciprofloxacin (13.8), amoxicillin (24.1) and ceftriaxone (34.5), nalidixic acid (34.5). Significant associations were found between Campylobacter enteritis and contact with animals (P=0.03), and HIV infection (P0.0001), in contrast to other sociodemographic and seasonal factors. From the data obtained Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid appear to be the first choice for treatment. The implementation of a national program may be helpful in controlling the spread of the disease and the increase of resistance to antibiotics.

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Record No. 13470 Record ID 013470 Publication type Journal Article Title Significance of Pyuria in the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Maiduguri, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Mava, Y .; Timothy, S. Y.; Zailani, S. B.; Ambe, J. P. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 103-109 Language English Descriptor Urinary Tract Infections; Pyuria; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Child Abstract Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in those with sickle cell disease, who are at higher risk of infections. It will be useful to have a simple test which can be used in resource limited health facilities as a means of screening such children for UTI with the view to instituting prompt treatment. This study is carried out to determine the usefulness of significant pyuria in detecting UTI in febrile children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Two hundred and fifty febrile children with sickle cell anaemia that attended State Specialist Hospital and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) were prospectively studied with their consent. Urine sample was collected using standard procedure, examined for pus cells and was cultured at the Microbiology laboratory of UMTH. The study showed UTI prevalence of 26. Significant pyuria was found to have sensitivity of 55.4, specificity of 77.8, the efficacy of the test was 72.0and the test has low positive predictive value of 46.8in detecting bacteriuria in SCA patients. The significant pyuria observed in this study support its usefulness in the diagnosis of UTI among children with SCA especially in communities having limited facilities or personnel for carrying out urine culture.

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Record No. 13469 Record ID 013469 Publication type Journal Article Title Reproductive Health Issues and Incidence of Some Reproductive Tract Infections among Muslim Women in Purdah In Jos-Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Tanyigna, K.B.; Tanyigna, J. K.; Aremu, F.; Adisa, J. O. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 98-102 Language English Descriptor Reproductive Tract Infections; Reproductive Health; Women; Islam Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria-Jos; Abstract Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis are the commonest Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) amongst women in purdah in the capital city of Jos- Nigeria. Majority of these women (68) have primary education as the highest educational qualification and majority of them (92) are full time house wives. The study has also revealed that there is a high level (57) delay in seeking for reproductive health needs , which were only remedied due to persistence of symptoms. This gives us the inference as to the myriad of sequalae that might have resulted in cases of asymptomatic RTIs. The most reproductive health needs of women in purdah are inadequate facilities in clinics/hospitals. This factor as well as other factors such as poor education, unilateral decision making by some men in purdah in matters of reproductive needs, misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the Qu'ran have immensely contributed to the increasing cases of RTIs among these women. These problems can be reduced to the minimum by educating both the men and the women in purdah with the best medium being the radio/television programs.

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Record No. 13468 Record ID 013468 Publication type Journal Article Title Evidence of Long Term Benefit of Praziquantel Treatment Against Schistosoma mansoni in Kigungu Fishing Village of Entebbe, Uganda Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Odongo-Aginya, E. I.; Kironde, F.; Lyazi, M. I.; Kyabayinze, D.; Sempewo, H.; Male, A; RC Oliveira,; A Wilson Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 79-84, fig., tab. Language English Descriptor Praziquantel; Schistosoma mansoni; Therapeutics Descriptor-Geographic Uganda-Entebbe; Abstract Praziquantel (PZQ) is efficacious against all species of schistosome: Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma japonicum and other parasites like the Taenia species. This cross-sectional cohorts study was carried out in Kigungu fishing village along Lake Victoria shore in Entebbe Uganda. Our analysis was based on examining microscopically three slides from a single stool specimen from each of base line cohorts 945.These included children and adults, participants from both sexes in Kigungu fishing village in Entebbe Uganda. Nine hundred and one (901) of the cohorts were re-examined after six months and 625 of the same cohorts who were examined at the baseline and after six months were re-examined 18 months later. The slides were prepared using modified Kato/Katz (Odongo-Aginya) method. The infection proportion with Schistosoma mansoni at baseline was 448 (47.5) but this was reduced to 244 (25.8) 18 months after treatment with a single oral dose of praziquantel at 40mg/kg. However 495 (52.5) were negative at the baseline study. The cure proportion after six was significant \{(P=0.00), (OR4.63) CI at 95(3.53-6.06)\}. Similarly the cure proportion after 18 months was significant \{(P=0.00), (OR2.2) CI at 95(1.87-3.34)\}. The force of re-infection after six months was significant \{(P=0.0001), (OR 0.47) CI at 95(0.31-0.71)\}. Nevertheless the force of re-infection was not significant after 18 months \{(P=0.766), (OR 0.95) CI at 95(0.68-1.34)\} eggs excretion did not reach the level of the pre-treatment intensity. The egg reduction was 69.3. This was associated with age and pre-treatment intensity 400 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces and age groups ? 30 years. The egg reduction also resulted in marked decrease in clinical symptoms in the participants. Our study suggests evidence of long-term benefit of praziquantel in Kigungu and that the re-infection occurred more commonly in younger age group than in the older patients.

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Record No. 13467 Record ID 013467 Publication type Journal Article Title A Critical Review on HIV/AIDS and Wound Care Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Weledji, E. P.; Kamga, H. L. .F; Assob, J. C.; Nsagha, D. S. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(2) Pages 66-71 Language English Descriptor HIV Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Wound Infection; Review Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria Abstract Wound infections in AIDS patients increase discomfort, prolong hospital stay, render an additional burden upon an already debilitated patient and weaken the immune system further. Treatment must relate to the aetiology of the wound and take into account the patients underlying health problems. The treatment of wounds in HIV-AIDS patients is not different from the standard treatment. There are wound -related criteria for selecting the appropriate types of dressing. The best dressing for postoperative wound healing by secondary intention is unknown. Continuing wound evaluation and the appraisal of what dressing is useful for the type of wound and stage of healing is the basis of optimum wound care Optimum wound care, emotional support; health education will enhance both the emotional and physical wellbeing of the HIV-AIDS patient.

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Record No. 13466 Record ID 013466 Publication type Journal Article Title Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Kadun State Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Sheyin, Z.; Jatau, B. D.; Mamman, A. I.; Randawa, A. J. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2012 Volume and n° 13(3) Pages 61-65 Language English Descriptor Hepacivirus; HIV Infections; Molecular Epidemiology; Wound Infection; Bandages Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria-Kadun State; Abstract Objective: To determine the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes among blood donors and outpatients attendees positive for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV). Justification: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) continues to be a major disease burden on the world and Man is the only known natural host of Hepatitis C virus (Chivaliez and Pawlotsky, 2007). There is no published data on the prevalence of the genotypes and subtypes of HCV in Kaduna State. Setting: Three hospitals one in each of the 3 senatorial zones in Kaduna State. Patients: Blood donors who reported for blood donation and outpatient department attendees. Method: Antibody detection by a third generation HCV ELISA (Biotech Laboratories, UK); HCV RNA and genotyping by Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with genotype-specific primers. (Sacace Biotechnologies, UK). Results: of the 259 plasma specimens screened for Hepatitis C virus in this study, 20(7.7) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies by ELISA and 16(6.2) of the antibodies positive specimen were positive for HCV RNA. Of the 139 blood donors tested, 8 (5.8) were HCV RNA positive. Similarly, 120 were tested from the outpatient Department attendees and 8 (6.7) were HCV RNA positive. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b was found in the entire HCV RNA positive sample. Conclusions: The findings of 6.2prevalence of HCV infection based on HCV RNA test confirmed that there is Hepatitis C virus in Kaduna State with genotype 1b as the predominant genotype found in all the three senatorial zones.

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Record No. 11178 Record ID 011178 Publication type Journal Article Title Sexual Behaviour and Condom use among Nigerian Soldiers in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Hussain, N. A. A.; Akande, T. M. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 10(2) Pages 128-135 Language English Descriptor Sexual Behavior; HIV Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria-Kwara State;

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Record No. 11177 Record ID 011177 Publication type Journal Article Title Risk Factors, Threats and Prevention of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in African Countries Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Musa, O. I.; Salaudeen, A. G.; Bolarinwa, O. A.; Akanbi, A. A. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 10(2) Pages 99-116 Language English Descriptor Influenza in Birds-prevention & control; Influenza in Birds-therapy; Risk Factors Descriptor-Geographic Africa; Nigeria Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease that affects the digestive, nervous and respiratory systems of all domestic and wild birds with high morbidity and mortality. It is highly contagious disease which can be fatal in humans. The avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are classified as types A, B and C with 15 subtypes of the type A. To date, all disease causing HPAI Viruses belong to H5 or H7 subtypes; and affect pigs and humans with the pigs serving as a mixing vehicle for re-assortment of the virus. The domestic ducks get infected without showing clinical signs and serve as a source of infection for domestic poultry. Outbreaks of HPAl in Europe, Asia and Turkey are reported to be associated, with the presence of wet lands and lakes where migratory birds rest. In some African countries like Nigeria, such wet lands exist with free flying wild birds and domestic ducks visiting and resting. The possible source of introduction into a country could be through importation or smuggling of infected poultry products across the borders and through migratory birds that fly through identified pathways. The status of HPAl in many African countries including Nigeria is still under investigation so that appropriate strategies / measures to prevent introduction of the disease into the country can be implemented and / or strengthened through restriction of importation of poultry and poultry products from high risk countries, effective disease surveillance, functional National Veterinary services, quarantine and community based participatory epidemiological system for HPAI surveillance and control. This article reviewed the global epidemiology and risk factors of HPAI infection in Nigeria and other African countries with emphasis on specific preventive measures that can reduce introduction of the virus into the country and the epidemiological surveillance for case detection / identification, screening and management. This review provides useful information and updates for health workers in tropical countries on the trends of AIVs and HPAI, diagnostic criteria using case definitions for both community and health facility levels and management protocols for confirmed cases as recommended by the World health Organization.

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Record No. 11176 Record ID 011176 Publication type Journal Article Title Candida Species amongst Pregnant Women in Benin City, Nigeria: Effect of Predisposing Factors Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Oviasogie, F. E.; Okungbowa, F. I. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 10(2) Pages 92-98 Language English Descriptor Candida; Pregnant Women; Vagina Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria-Benin City; Abstract Genital samples from pregnant women were examined to determine the Candida species present and how some predisposing factors would affect the frequency of isolation of species. A total of 147 women (87 volunteer asymptomatic pregnant women and 60 asymptomatic nonpregnant women) were examined. High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were collected in pairs while demographic data (age of individual, age of pregnancy, occupation and use of contraceptive pill) on each subject were obtained alongside. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates and incubated for 72 hours at 37°C. Results revealed five Candida species (C.albicans, C.glabrata, C.tropicalis, C.stellatoidea, C.parapsilosis) with 61.5, 17.9, 7.7, 5.1, 2.6frequency of isolation respectively, as against 73.7, 7.7, 1.4, 11.3, and 0.0for control. Women in the second trimester of pregnancy had the highest occurrence (68.8) while the age groups 24- 30 and 31-37 years had the highest occurrence in the control (46.2) and in the pregnant ones (51.7) respectively. Traders had 68.8, and full-time housewives, 26.7occurrence. More women who used contraceptives had Candida (58.3) as against non contraceptive users (35.3). The results support literature reports that there are high rates of colonization of the vagina of pregnant women by Candida. They also give credence to earlier reports that the factors determined here affect the frequency of isolation of Candida species from the vagina

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Record No. 11175 Record ID 011175 Publication type Journal Article Title Studies on the Distribution of Clinically Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Ebonyi State, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Obi, R. K.; Amadi, A. N.; Idika, I. M.; Nwanebu, F. C. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2009 Volume and n° 10(2) Pages 80-87, tab. Language English Descriptor Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; HIV Infections; Sputum; Mass Chest X-Ray Abstract A study was conducted between January, 2005 to December, 2006 to ascertain the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients who attended chest clinics in some randomly selected hospitals, Clinics and Health Centers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Investigations were carried out using the two popular diagnostic criteria for pulmonary tuberculosis namely the specific Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) methods and chest X-ray. A total of 962 patients with clinical signs and symptoms of tuberculosis were studied. Out of this figure, 559 (58.1) had pulmonary tuberculosis with 1:1 male/female ratio. There was no significant difference between ZN sputum smear positive and chest x-ray in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the studied population at 95confidence level. The possible reasons for the high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis may be attributed to increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS, high rate of poverty, emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacteria and to a lesser extent, smoking and diabetes.

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Record No. 11174 Record ID 011174 Publication type Journal Article Title The Use of Rap-Pcr in Studying Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Intracellular Gene During Macrophage Infection Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Alli, O. A. T.; Butcher, P. D. F.; Mangan, J. A.; Akinloye, O.; Spreadbury, C. L. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 10(3) Pages 185-199, fig, tab. Language English Descriptor Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Macrophages; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from infectious agent. This study sought to detect M. tuberculosis genes, which were specifically expressed, or upregulated during intracellular infection of J774 murine macrophages; as such genes may be potential targets for novel drug action. J774 murine macrophage cell line was infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) at 10:1 multiplicity of infection (MOI). RNA was differentially extracted from M. tuberculosis infecting J774 macrophage cell line. The control in this case was RNA from extracellular broth grown bacteria. Approximately 50 ng of RNA from intracellular derived bacteria and extracellular derived bacteria (control) were subjected to random arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) using 50 primer combinations. Eleven differential RAP-PCR products were observed. All RAP-PCR products were cloned into pCRr2.1 and sequenced in order to determine the identity of the products. Four of the eleven products were derived from macrophage genes and another 4 products were derived from the M. tuberculosis rRNA genes (three 23S and one 16S rRNA). The 3 remaining RAP-PCR products were found to be mycobacterial genes other than ribosomal genes. The three products were genes encoding enzyme involving in a shikimate pathway, a putative carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate phosphonomutase and a serine protease with homology to HtrA. Of the 3 mycobacterial genes other than ribosomal genes detected, none were specifically expressed during intracellular infection but bacilli.

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Record No. 11173 Record ID 011173 Publication type Journal Article Title Bronchopulmonary Tuberculosis- Laboratory Diagnosis and Dots Strategy Outcome in a Rural Community: a Retrospective Study Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Enwuru, C. P.; Emeh, M. S.; Izuehie, I. S.; Umeh, S. I.; Enwuru, C. A.; Agbasi, U. M. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2009 Volume and n° 10(3) Pages 175-184, fig., tab. Language English Descriptor Tuberculosis, Pulmonary-diagnosis; HIV Infections Directly Observed Therapy Rural Population Retrospective Studies Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria Abstract Pulmonary tuberculosis is still a global public health threat. Despite all efforts at its containment, the scourge is still menacing especially in the rural communities and among HIV infected patients. This retrospective study was carried out to determine the case detection rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural community hospital in Nigeria from 2001-2006. A total of 1219 suspected patients were tested for pulmonary tuberculosis by sputum smear stained by Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Out of this number, 350 (28.7) were positive for Acid-Fast Bacilli including 198 males and 152 females. Also 235 of the sputum-smear positive patients were tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies by Immunocomb 11 HIV 1 & 2 Bispot and confirmed by Immunocomb 11 HIV 1 & 2 Combfirm and HIV-1 Western Blot kit. Sixty three (26.8) of the sputum-smear positive patients were co-infected with HIV. Two hundred and seventy (77.1) of the AFB positive patients were treated under the Directly Observed Therapy-Short course, 201 of them (74.4) completed the treatment, 39 (14.4) defaulted, 30 (11.1) died before the completion of the treatment, 195 of the patients were declared cured and 6 were declared failed. Case detection rates could be improved upon by providing culture facilities at the DOTS centers. Also efforts should be made to ensure that all positive cases are followed to a logical conclusion and that anti-retroviral drugs are provided for patients co-infected with HIV to reduce the mortality rate of pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Record No. 11172 Record ID 011172 Publication type Journal Article Title Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis in Women with Vaginal Symptoms in South Province, Rwanda Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Muvunyi, C. M.; Hernandez, T. C. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 10(3) Pages 156-163, tab. Language English Descriptor Vaginosis, Bacterial-epidemiology; Vaginosis, Bacterial-diagnosis; Signs and Symptoms Women Descriptor-Geographic Rwanda Abstract This is a prospective study of 297 Consecutive High Vaginal Swab (HVS) specimen from patients with vaginal symptoms at the laboratory of Butare University Teaching Hospital, South Province, Rwanda. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and the role of some micro-organisms and laboratory indices associated with it. The age range was 16-57 years with a mean of 30.8 years. The overall prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 17.8and the highest percentage of 52.8(28) found in the age group of 21-30 years compared with the lowest percentage of 1.9(1) in the age group less than 20 years. Almost half of patients with trichomoniasis were found to have bacterial vaginosis (P0.05). The demonstration Clue cells in wet mount was found in significantly higher numbers (90.5) in women with bacterial vaginosis (P0.001, positive predictive value 90.4) while low sensitivity and positive predictive value were seen for vaginal discharge for detecting infection with bacterial vaginosis ( p 0.05, positive predictive value 26.0). Bacterial vaginosis is common among women with vaginal symptoms in Rwanda as showed by gram stain examination. Further research into this pathology in other Rwandan women populations is needed.

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Record No. 11171 Record ID 011171 Publication type Journal Article Title Profile of Institutional Infrastructure for Implementing Universal Precautions in Primary Health Care Facilities in Sokoto State, Nigeria: Implication for Occupational Safety Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Isah, H. O.; Sabitu, K.; Ibrahim, M.T.O. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2009 Volume and n° 10(3) Pages 164-174, tab. Language English Descriptor Primary Health Care; Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services; Occupational Health Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria Abstract Background: The adoption of primary health care in Nigeria has led to the expansion of health care delivery frontiers especially at the rural level. At this level is the most critical health services delivery point, with an attendant increase in contact between primary health care providers and patients. There is however also a simultaneous increased exposure to occupational and related health risks and hazards.Methods: The objectives of this study were to assess the universal precaution profile of primary health care facilities and determine those factors that inform their prevailing safety status. Using a structured checklist, 23 representative primary health care facilities from the 23 local government areas in Sokoto State were randomly selected for the study, one from each of the local government areas. Results: The facilities were found to have poor universal precaution profile that could guarantee effective control of infection transmission and safety of their personnel. The facilities' mean score on measures and frameworks for ensuring the implementation of Universal Precautions was 53.12± 21.68with only 56.52scoring above 50. Conclusion: Safety protocol and facilities for ensuring safe environment were inadequate and poorly developed. None of the facilities had full complement of facilities or resources for ensuring safety of working environment and for personnel's implementation of Universal Precautions. Policy for safety practice was poor, and post exposure intervention programmes for staff in event of accidental exposure grossly underdeveloped. Interventions to improve safety environment and creation of safe climate are essential to protect primary health care workers against occupational hazards

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Record No. 11170 Record ID 011170 Publication type Journal Article Title Lassa Fever: another Infectious Menace Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Adewuyi, G. M.; Fowotade, A.; Adewuyi, B. T. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 11(1) Pages 144-155, tab. Language English Descriptor Lassa Fever-epidemiology; Lassa Fever-diagnosis; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase Disease Outbreaks Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria Abstract Nigeria is presently suffering from another Lassa fever epidemic. This was confirmed in the statement of the Minister of Health of the Federation in which he said, "There has been an upsurge in the reported cases of Lassa fever since the beginning of this year, especially in the Federal Capital Territory and its environs. Within two weeks, 12 cases with five deaths due to the disease were recorded. 25 contacts are confirmed by laboratory investigations to have been infected, including 4 health staff working in the National Hospital, Abuja."1 Lassa fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic fever first described in 1969 in the town of Lassa in Borno state, Nigeria.2 It is endemic in West African countries, and causes 300,000 cases annually with 5000 deaths.3 Lassa fever epidemics occur in Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Central African Republic.4 Lassa virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Arenaviridae family. The virus is pleomorphic with single-stranded and bisegmented RNA genome.3 Its primary host is Natal Multimammate Mouse (Mastomys natalensis). Transmission to man occurs via exposure to the rat excrement through respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts5, exposure of broken skin or mucus membrane to infected material, direct contact, sexually and transplacentally. The prevalence of antibodies to the virus is 8-229 in Sierra Leone, 4-55in Guinea,12 and 21in Nigeria.13 The disease is mild or asymptomatic in 80of infected people, but 20have a severe multisystemic disease. Clinical features are difficult to differentiate from that of other viral haemorrhagic fevers and common febrile illness such as Malaria, Typhoid fever and so on. Definitive diagnosis is by viral isolation, Antigen and Antibody detection and Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Treatment is with Ribavirin, an antiviral agent. No vaccine is currently available. Prevention is by keeping rats away from homes.

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Record No. 11169 Record ID 011169 Publication type Journal Article Title Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Adults Screened for Hiv/Aids in a Rural Community in Benue State, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Odimayo, M. S.; Adediran, S. O.; Araoye, M. O. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 11(1) Pages 129-136 Language English Descriptor Population Characteristics; HIV; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Rural Population Descriptor-Geographic Nigeria-Benue State; Abstract Background: Benue state has been considered among the `hot zones' for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria with a prevalence rate of 9.3 among adults aged 15 to 45 years. Yet, there is paucity of information on the socio-demographic factors associated with this level of prevalence. We hereby report the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with HIV among adults in Abwa-Mbagene, Benue state, Nigeria. Methods: Adults in Abwa-Mbagene community who accepted to participate between 9th and 24th of August 2007 were recruited. After counselling, screening was done using `Determine HIV' kit. Results: 153 subjects (74 males and 79 females) were recruited. Their age ranges from 15 to 60 years (Mean: 26.2years). Fourty-two (27.5) consisting of 12 (16.2) males and 30 (38) females were positive for HIV (male to female ratio, 2:5). The prevalence of HIV was higher among the divorcees (50); those whose level of education was primary school (41.3) and below and; farmers (60). Majority (96) knows AIDS exists, 85are informed on mode and prevention of HIV transmission. Cases of AIDS deaths, unprotected casual sex, blood transfusion with unscreened blood and polygamy are common in the community. The single most important cultural factors in HIV transmission identified is indulgence in night parties, which increased the rate of unprotected casual sex. Conclusion: This community represents a high HIV/AIDS prevalence spot in Benue State, Nigeria. There is therefore the need for the establishment of HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT), Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT), save blood and antiretroviral treatment services in the community. Vocational centers to engage single women and improve their financial state will boost preventive strategies. Finally, partnership with community leaders towards discouraging night parties will reduce the prevalence of HIV in the community.

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Record No. 11168 Record ID 011168 Publication type Journal Article Title Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Isolated from Day-Old Chicks, Vom, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Anyanwu, A. L.; Fasina, F. O.; Ajayi, O. T.; Rapu, G.; Fasina, M. M. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 11(1) Pages 129-136 Language English Descriptor Escherichia coli; Salmonella paratyphi A; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Poultry Abstract Reports of large scale mortality of day-old-chicks were received at the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria in 2007 to 2008. We investigated the cause of death using several virological and bacteriological techniques, isolated the pathogenic agents and carried out sensitivity tests. Our investigation revealed that Escherichia coli and Salmonella organisms were isolated in the outbreaks. A pattern of antibiotic resistance that seems to be increasing was also found. Considering the role of chickens and its products in the human food chain in Nigeria; and the close interaction between poultry and man, these resistant organisms may pose dangers to humans through the food chain or zoonotic infection and precipitate a similar pattern of resistance in man. We advocated for informed use of antibiotics in the food animals, especially poultry.

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Record No. 11167 Record ID 011167 Publication type Journal Article Title Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and their Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Kano, Nigeria Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Nwankwo, B. O. K.; Abdulhadi, S.; Magagi, A.; Ihesiulor, G. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISBN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 11(1) Pages 129-136, tab. Language English Descriptor Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hospitals, Teaching Descriptor-Geographic Cross Infection Nigeria-Kano; Abstract Background: Nosocomial infection caused by methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) presents with management difficulties in infected patients due to their resistance to a number of other frontline antibiotics and constitutes significant epidemiological problems. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in clinical isolates in Kano. There is dearth of information on this subject in Kano. Method: One hundred and eighty five (185) S. aureus isolates from various clinical specimens obtained over a 12-month period in the Microbiology Department of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) were subjected to methicillin susceptibility testing, while including susceptibility testing to other antibiotics by the disc diffusion methods. Result: Out of 185 S. aureus isolates tested, 53(28.6) were found to be methicillin resistant. While 38(62) isolates were obtained from in-patients, 15(28) were from out-patients. Surgical wound infection had the highest prevalence of 32(60) isolates. Antibiotics sensitivity results of methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus MSSA) and MRSA with the third generation cephalosporins and the quinilones were encouraging. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusion: A prevalence of 28.6MRSA in this environment calls for urgent intervention strategies due to its possible rapid spread and therapeutic problem

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Record No. 11166 Record ID 011166 Publication type Journal Article Title Effect of Instructions about the Method of Urine Collection and Storage on the Isolation Rate of Urinary Bacteria in Children Source of Record WHO Regional Office for Africa, Library, Brazzaville, Congo Author(s) Adeleke, S. I.; Ihesiulor, G. Journal Title African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ISSN 1595-689X Place of Publication Kwara State Publisher Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ilorin Date of publication 2010 Volume and n° 11(1) Pages 129-136 Language English Descriptor Urinary Tract Infections; Urine; Bacteriuriaa Descriptor-Geographic Pediatrics; NIgeria Abstract A study of 65 children (29males and 36females) and aged between four weeks and 15years with significant bacteriuria was undertaking over a six month period to determine the effects of instruction received about the methods of urine collection and storage on the prevalence of urinary tract infection. The commonest clinical presentation was fever (64.6). Only 22(35.4) of the patients had specific symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infections. The instructions about urine collection were given to 48(73.8) care givers. This instruction was given by the attending doctors (84). Despite the explanation, 15(23.1) of the patients collected the urine samples wrongly and 44(67.7) stored the samples for longer than one hour. Significant bacteriuria was more prevalent in 74.2of patients who submitted their urine samples more than one hour after collection. Communication skill is important and should be emphasized in the trainings of health workers in procedure on the patients

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